Application Envisioning idea
A7.

Even apparently individualistic knowledge work practices can have key collaborative, or at least cooperative, scenarios and variations. By actively envisioning how these cases might be supported by an interactive application, product teams can avoid common and disruptive pitfalls in their approaches
to mediating work.

Examples from three knowledge work domains:
(Illustrated above) An architect frequently reviews her project work with one or more colleagues in
her firm, either formally or informally. While this used to typically occur face to face, writing on paper printouts, her company’s new building modeling application now allows her to meet online with team members from different global offices in
a shared, highly visual workspace.
A financial trader sometimes shares the details of important pending deals with other traders in his group. Their firm’s trading application allows him to save draft proposals of large, complex deals to a shared location where his colleagues can
access and work on them.
A scientist sets up her clinical research lab’s information management application in a way that allows certain lab technicians to “own” certain tasks. She makes an exception for quality checking procedures, which will require the input of two
separate lab techs.
Collaboration in knowledge work can range from asking quick questions to spending long hours actively working with colleagues, either in person or at a distance (A1). People may recognize some tasks or larger activities as explicitly collaborative, whether that collaboration takes place in real time or asynchronously (F1, J2). Even in areas of work practice where individuals do not feel that they are directly collaborating, they are often cooperatively completing their own parts of a larger process while sharing certain elements of their organizational contexts (C5, G7, J3, J4).
Variations that stem from collaborative ways of working can be difficult for product teams to meaningfully rationalize (A4, A6, A7, A8). In some cases, a single model of how a product could mediate knowledge work can cover a critical mass of important variants. In many other cases, teams may benefit from creating multiple models of the same area of work practice in order to usefully and appropriately describe specific instances of collaborative, or at least cooperative, action.
When product teams do not actively consider how the collaborative aspects of knowledge work might impact their emerging ideas about work mediation and application scope, resulting products may not be adopted by individuals and organizations that place a high value on shared, convivial work (K). Applications’ frameworks (C1, C2) may mistakenly emphasize individualistic directives over cooperative interactions, inhibiting both the distribution of effort and meaningful visibility into others’ actions (C7, G4). Such frameworks can also contribute to the likelihood of human error (C9, G3) and drive workers to perform excessively effortful work arounds (D2, D3, D4).
See also: A, B5, B6, B7, B8, H2, H3, J1, J5, M1

Application Envisioning questions:
What areas in your team’s emerging models of knowledge work practice can involve collaborative, or at least cooperative, action? How might attempting to mediate these complex practices impact the functional forms and overarching
strategic directions of your application concepts?
More specific questions for product teams to consider:
What tasks or larger activities, within the scope of work practice that your team
is investigating, are inherently collaborative?
What parts of knowledge work that could otherwise be considered individualistic have collaborative or cooperative variations?
What do targeted workers accomplish in these scenarios and variations?
What are their goals in each of these cases?
What breakdowns in work practice are currently caused or aggravated by cooperative and collaborative interactions? Could these problems represent potential opportunities for your team’s product?
Is the knowledge work domain that you are targeting trending toward more collaboration or toward further specialization of defined processes and roles?
How do targeted individuals and their organizations view the importance of collaborative practices? Do they wish they were more individualistic? More collaborative?
What specific aspects and effects of collaboration do workers perceive as valuable? Which are inherently important for successful outcomes?
What other patterns and regularities might your team find in shared, convivial practices? How might you use these insights to ideate useful and meaningful functionality concepts?
How could support for these practices impact the overall scope and frameworks
of your application concepts?
How far might your team push certain flexibilities for collaborative scenarios and variations before the interaction clarity of your sketched computing tools begins
to break down?
Do you have enough information to usefully answer these and other envisioning questions? What additional research, problem space models, and design concepting could valuably inform your team’s application envisioning efforts?
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